Conference Papers

Even though egg is considered „nature’s perfect food”, especially due to its high protein concentration of great biological value (essential amino acids profile) and high digestibility of nutrients contained, fear of cholesterol represents a barrier to the evolution of the average individual consumption. As a result there is an effervescence among researchers to obtain eggs with a reduced cholesterol content compared to standard egg. Among the ways used to lower egg cholesterol, dietary supplementation of laying hens with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is included. In this context for seven weeks a study on 120 hens Lohmann Brown (55 weeks of age) was performed to determine whether the presence of camelina and flaxseed meals (PUFA omega 3 enriched forages), determine an quality improvement of the egg. The birds were divided into 3 groups (C, E1, E2), housed in enriched cages. The basic structure of the diet was the same for all three groups. The difference between experimental diets and control diet was given by the inclusion of camelina and flaxseed meals in E1 diet (2% camelina meal +5% flaxseed meal) or E2 diet (5% flaxseed meal), respectively. Every three weeks, a number of 18 eggs/group were collected randomized, of which 6 samples/group (3 eggs/sample) were formed to determine the quality of eggs (physical parameters, cholesterol and fatty acids content). The results showed that in the diets, PUFA ratio: omega 6/omega-3 was 22.83 in C group, 4.785 in E1 group and 5.385 in E2 group. The concentration of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) in diets was: 1.35% fat (C), 8.18% fat (E1), 7.23% fat (E2). Yolk and whites weight did not differentiate between groups. In contrast, in group C, eggshell weight (0.41±0.01mm) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than in E2 (0.349±0.026 mm). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of yolk color, Haugh unit and the eggshell breaking strength. The content of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) in egg yolk was 0.403g/100g fat in C group, significantly (P≤0.05) lower than E1 (1.82g/100g fat) and E2 (1.87g/100g fat). Omega 6/omega 3 PUFA ratio at 100g of fat in the yolk was: 16.851 to C group significantly (P≤0.05) higher than 5.44 to E1 and 5.29 E2 groups, respectively. Cholesterol content (g/whole egg) registered in C (0.266±0.025) was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than E1 (0.224±0.028 mg/egg) and E2 (0.229±0.01928 mg/egg). Analysis of collected litter during the experiment showed that heavy metals concentration (Cu, Zn) did not differentiate between the 3 groups, therefore there is no danger in case of storing or their practical application as organic fertilizer. We appreciate that using flaxseed meal alone (E2 diet) or together with camelina meal (E1 diet) an egg, with functional food properties, can be obtained.

The food industry by-products come in large amounts worldwide, reaching up to 50% of the total waste produced in some countries. This is both an economic, social and environmental problem. On the other hand, the compound feeds are the main cost factor for farmers, reaching up to 80% of the production cost for poultry. Any proper use of low input feeds improves the poultry production performance, but it remains to evaluate the environmental impact of these by-products. The paper presents the environmental and animal health impact of 22 vegetal by-products in terms of their heavy metals load. The environmental impact of these industrial by-products was considered in the circumstance of their storage on the soil. There were determined the concentration of cadmium, cobalt, total chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. The evaluation of potential risky by-products for animal health was done by comparison of the analytical results with the regulations regarding the quality and salubrity for feeds and feed additives. The results show that seven by-products samples exceed the upper admitted levels of heavy metals concentration. In the poppy meal exceeded Cd concentration (1.88 mg Cd / kg vs legally allowed value of 1.0 mg/ kg) and Cu concentration (60.0 mg Cu / kg vs legally allowed value of 35.0 mg / kg). Also, the sesame meal exceeded the Cu concentration (59.7 mg Cu / kg vs legally allowed value of 35.0 mg/ kg). In the germ meal wheat exceeded the Zn concentration (273 mg Zn / kg vs legally allowed value of 250 mg/ kg). In other 4 samples (poppy meal, sesame meal, sunflower meals, nuts meal) exceeded the Cu concentration. The following analyzed by-products showed to be safe for animal health and for the environment: soybean meal, meal of mustard, buckthorn meal, flax meal, apple mash, full fat mixed sites, marc and leftover vegetables.

To day the animal feed industry, including the ingredient suppliers, is a part of the food chain and responsible for the safety of its products. Feed manufacturers must prove the products are safe for animals and for consumers of animal products. Paper is a study to draw up a HACCP plan in a company producing dry food for pet, fish and game. After the identification of the processes and activities to manufacture the products, was drawn up a Technological flowchart. Analyzing for risks each stage of the chart, were identified the stages which are in the class of high-risk. Using the Decisional Tree method, were identified the critical control points of technological flow. Finally was drawn up a HACCP plan to control the technological parameters of the critical points in order to prevent, eliminate or reduce the risk to an acceptable level.